{"id":3557,"date":"2018-07-18T14:23:56","date_gmt":"2018-07-18T07:23:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.engisv.info\/?p=3557"},"modified":"2018-07-18T14:23:56","modified_gmt":"2018-07-18T07:23:56","slug":"bat-dau-voi-sql-nhu-the-nao","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.engisv.info\/?p=3557","title":{"rendered":"C\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi SQL"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>C\u00f3 l\u1ebd v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 s\u1ebd b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi SQL nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Trong b\u00e0i n\u00e0y ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd \u0111i t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, quan tr\u1ecdng gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn SQL m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-3559 \" src=\"https:\/\/www.engisv.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/sql.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"306\" height=\"259\" \/><\/p>\n<h4>\u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, SQL l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>SQL vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft c\u1ee7a c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Anh\u00a0Structured Query Language c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef\u00a0 Truy v\u1ea5n\u00a0 \u00a0C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac. SQL d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o, th\u00eam, s\u1eeda v\u00e0 truy v\u1ea5n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u quan h\u1ec7 (relational database management system), c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u quan h\u1ec7 n\u1ed7i ti\u1ebfng nh\u01b0 Microsoft SQL server,\u00a0\u00a0IBM DB2, Oracle, MySQL, Microsoft Access&#8230;<\/li>\n<li>Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u SQL l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n d\u00f9ng chung cho r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c nhau. Ngo\u00e0i SQL ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n, c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e3ng kh\u00e1c nhau s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb th\u00eam c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac truy v\u1ea5n kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 ri\u00eang cho h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb c\u01a1 s\u1ee1 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f3.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>H\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>H\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (hay H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u &#8211;\u00a0Database Management System), \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u quan h\u1ec7 b\u00ean trong n\u00f3. M\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u nh\u01b0 MS SQL Server c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac\u00a0 m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 s\u1edf s\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/li>\n<li>H\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u1eebng d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e0i \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec7u h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1ef1 li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>C\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>C\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (Database), l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef. C\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t file d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1eadn hay m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac.<\/li>\n<li>\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u quan h\u1ec7, c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7. Nh\u1eefng quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng nh\u1eb1m gi\u00fap vi\u1ec7c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n, truy v\u1ea5n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u nhanh v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, ch\u1ed1ng tr\u00f9ng l\u1ea5p d\u1eef li\u1ec7u&#8230;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>B\u1ea3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/h4>\n<p>B\u1ea3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (table) l\u00e0 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t v\u00e0 d\u00f2ng.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>C\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Field, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch g\u1ecdi kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9t l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/li>\n<li>D\u00f2ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Record.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Giao gi\u1eefa d\u00f2ng v\u00e0 c\u1ed9t, l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u00f4 ghi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta d\u00f9ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef SQL \u0111\u1ec3 truy xu\u1ea5t d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta l\u1ea5y th\u00f4ng tin t\u1eeb c\u00e1c \u00f4 n\u00e0y ra.<\/p>\n<h4>Ki\u1ec3u d\u1ef1 li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>Ki\u1ec3u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (Data type) l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. C\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 lo\u1ea1i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1edbn hay \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ee9a, c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ea1ng&#8230;<\/li>\n<li>Ki\u1ec3u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a khi ch\u00fang ta t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd ch\u1ee9a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u g\u00ec v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ta sao.<\/li>\n<li>C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a ki\u1ec3u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a s\u1eb5n trong c\u00e1c H\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb c\u01a1 s\u1eed d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. \u1ede t\u1eebng h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u s\u1ebd c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn kh\u00e1c nhau, thu\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00fang c\u0169ng s\u1ebd c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a chung g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>D\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/h4>\n<p>D\u1eef li\u1ec7u (Data) l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef trong c\u00e1c \u00f4 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u theo \u0111\u00fang ki\u1ec3u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a trong c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 th\u00f4ng tin m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ghi v\u00e0o v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c th\u00eam, x\u00f3a, s\u1eeda, truy v\u1ea5n.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0110\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u h\u01a1n ch\u00fang ta \u0111i v\u00e0o v\u00ed d\u1ee5 t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t file note data.txt, th\u00ec file <strong>data.txt<\/strong> ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, n\u1ed9i dung trong file ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1edf file n\u00e0y l\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 xem, x\u00f3a, s\u1eeda n\u1ed9i dung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n<li>M\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t file <strong>danhsach.xls<\/strong>, \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 file Excel v\u1eady Excel ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, n\u1ed9i dung trong file ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 file Excel ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Nh\u01b0 ta bi\u1ebft, trong file Excel, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.engisv.info\/?p=1191\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp ki\u1ec3u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u cho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u trong c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>C\u00f3 l\u1ebd v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 s\u1ebd b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi SQL nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Trong b\u00e0i n\u00e0y ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd \u0111i t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, quan tr\u1ecdng gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn SQL m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng. \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, SQL l\u00e0 g\u00ec? SQL vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft c\u1ee7a c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Anh\u00a0Structured Query Language c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef\u00a0 Truy v\u1ea5n\u00a0 \u00a0C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac. SQL d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o, th\u00eam, s\u1eeda v\u00e0 truy v\u1ea5n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u quan h\u1ec7 (relational&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":3559,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[22,7],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3557","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-database","category-kien-thuc"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>C\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi SQL - EngISV<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"C\u00f3 l\u1ebd v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 s\u1ebd b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi SQL nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? 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