{"id":350,"date":"2015-08-29T23:08:35","date_gmt":"2015-08-29T16:08:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/beta.engisv.info\/?p=350"},"modified":"2015-08-29T23:08:35","modified_gmt":"2015-08-29T16:08:35","slug":"dia-chi-ipv4-phan-1-dia-chi-ip","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.engisv.info\/?p=350","title":{"rendered":"\u0110\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 IPv4 \u2013 Ph\u1ea7n 1: \u0110\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 IP"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u0110\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 IP l\u00e0 con s\u1ed1 duy nh\u1ea5t d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh danh c\u00e1c host tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng IP. \u0110\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 IP ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea7ng Internet c\u1ee7a ch\u1ed3ng giao th\u1ee9c TCP\/IP, trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh tham chi\u1ebfu OSI l\u00e0 t\u1ea7ng Network,\u00a0 n\u00f3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi l\u1edbp b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi Data-link s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 MAC, nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 MAC trong m\u1ea1ng Ethernet.<\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 IPv4 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng d\u00e3y s\u1ed1 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i 32 bit nh\u1ecb ph\u00e2n, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ta c\u00f3 2<sup>32<\/sup>, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi 4 t\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 cho c\u00e1c host. Ban \u0111\u1ea7u con s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 v\u1ebb l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhu c\u1ea7u s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd c\u1ee7a internet v\u00e0 c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb d\u00f9ng IP n\u00ean IPv4 \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea1n ki\u1ec7t v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ea5p ph\u00e1t th\u00eam. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhu c\u1ea7u l\u1edbn h\u01a1n,ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ecba\u00a0 ch\u1ec9 IP m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 IPv6 v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i 128 bit nh\u1ecb ph\u00e2n, hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111ang b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o giai \u0111o\u1ea1n chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb IPv4 sang IPv6 nh\u01b0ng IPv4 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n d\u00f9ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i.<\/p>\n<p><strong>M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 IPv4 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia l\u00e0m hai ph\u1ea7n:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\" src=\"https:\/\/jqihta-sn3302.files.1drv.com\/y2pMp2DIPkWBl65YgQpFIFvjMh1J2UZwxh8vHEyOACTJwcs_lMQiKtVUtcatYJ_a73RoNjvep3AJ3qxsSN1rnZXFg2Xm3RrA7DqZZ4wkSuJVFZKFiYmNLq1SqCjsQziRf6OV_m4hn7jHthcZHCgWp6C6uKl6E_PGDCMGD4sCHTeL44\/IPv4%20phan%201%20%281%29.png?psid=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"87\" \/><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Network ID (c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ea1ng \u2013 network address)<\/strong>: ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh danh cho con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ea1ng m\u00e0 c\u00e1c host \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3. Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngo\u00e0i th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 t\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng trong m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Host ID (\u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1c m\u00e1y- host address)<\/strong>: ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh danh c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb, c\u00e1c host c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng (Network ID). Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t cho c\u0103n nh\u00e0 tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1eady.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Trong m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ea1ng, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 host \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh danh cho c\u00e1c host m\u00e0 n\u00f3 s\u1ebd c\u00f3 hai \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Khi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c bit \u1edf ph\u1ea7n host b\u1eb1ng 0 th\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a Network ID, \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng, khi c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ng c\u00f3 nhu c\u1ea7u li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi nhau s\u1ebd d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 n\u00e0y th\u00f4ng qua thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ecbnh tuy\u1ebft (router).<\/li>\n<li>Khi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c bit \u1edf ph\u1ea7n host ID b\u1eadt l\u00ean 1 th\u00ec \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 Broadcast c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ea1ng, \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c host trong m\u1ea1ng, khi m\u1ed9t m\u00e1y c\u00f3 nhu c\u1ea7u g\u1edfi th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1t cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c m\u00e1y th\u00ec n\u00f3 s\u1ebd g\u1edfi \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 n\u00e0y.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>V\u1eady, n\u1ebfu g\u1ecdi n l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 bit c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n host c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng ta s\u1ebd c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 2<sup>n<\/sup>-2 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9.<\/p>\n<p><em>V\u00ed d\u1ee5:<\/em> ta c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng LAN v\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng l\u1edbp C (192.168.1.0) \u0111\u1eb7t cho c\u00e1c host trong m\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y, th\u00ec \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 192.168.1.0 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 192.168.1.255 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e1n cho c\u00e1c host, ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e1n t\u1eeb 192.168.1.1 \u0111\u1ebfn 192.168.1.254.<\/p>\n<p><strong>C\u00e1ch bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 IPv4:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 IPv4 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 th\u1eadp ph\u00e2n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1eb1ng d\u1ea5u ch\u1ea5m th\u1eadp ph\u00e2n (.) [dotted-decimal notation]. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta chia\u00a0 32 bit nh\u1ecb ph\u00e2n th\u00e0nh 4 nh\u00f3m (octet), m\u1ed7i nh\u00f3m ch\u1ee9a 8 bit nh\u1ecb ph\u00e2n, 8 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.engisv.info\/?p=220\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">bit nh\u1ecb ph\u00e2n n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh s\u1ed1 th\u1eadp ph\u00e2n<\/a> khi bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb trong m\u1ed7i octet ch\u1ea1y t\u1eeb 0 \u0111\u1ebfn 255.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\" src=\"https:\/\/jqihta-sn3302.files.1drv.com\/y2p0hDXqNX_q8sQh9iJdKpBFLQZZTEYyull5-wQESoRTPrUZdvVZNTmhZyrDHly6htgRySQbU4NdB3nYkO7tTB2x738ZN-QhK4vOGMSXsQ3AHjTlr3DAjOhaHf2zmbyYIWrQt3GfYU0xek2TohCI_NtmsXV6NeRZhOp2yuR_dA_vlw\/IPv4%20phan%201%20%282%29.png?psid=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"417\" height=\"124\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>C\u00e1c l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 IPv4:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>L\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u, khi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf giao th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 IP, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t con s\u1ed1 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c bit c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 IP \u0111\u1eb7t cho ph\u1ea7n Network ID. Ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u00fang cho ph\u1ea7n Host ID. Cho v\u00ed d\u1ee5 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y, gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t n\u1eefa c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 (16bit) s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho ph\u1ea7n Network ID, v\u00e0 16 bit s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho Host ID. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 v\u1edbi \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y th\u00ec s\u1ebd c\u00f3 t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 65.536 Network, v\u00e0 m\u1ed7i Network s\u1ebd c\u00f3 65.536 Host.<\/p>\n<p>Trong th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a internet, \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tri\u1ec3n khai cho m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i m\u1ea1ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u00f3 h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c ng\u00e0n host. Gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed r\u1eb1ng m\u1ea1ng c\u00f3 1000 m\u00e1y t\u00ednh k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i internet v\u00e0 \u1ea5n \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00f3 cho m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng Network ID. B\u1edfi v\u00ec m\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y chi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f3 1000 host c\u1ee7a 65.536 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 host, h\u01a1n 64.000 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 IP kh\u00e1c ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecf \u0111i.<\/p>\n<p>Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbp (class) \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 IP \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u. Giao th\u1ee9c IP \u0111\u01b0a ra 5 l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 kh\u00e1c nhau, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 A,B,C,D v\u00e0 E, m\u1ed7i l\u1edbp trong ba l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean A,B,C, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c k\u00edch c\u1ee1 kh\u00e1c nhau cho c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 Network ID v\u00e0 Host ID. L\u1edbp D \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Multicast. L\u1edbp E l\u00e0 l\u1edbp th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m, ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 g\u00e1n cho c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1ea1ng.<\/p>\n<p>B\u1ed1n bit \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 IP d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00f3 thu\u1ed9c l\u1edbp n\u00e0o, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>N\u1ebfu bit \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 0 th\u00ec \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 \u00a0thu\u1ed9c l\u1edbp A.<\/li>\n<li>N\u1ebfu bit \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 1 v\u00e0 bit ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 0 th\u00ec \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 thu\u1ed9c l\u1edbp B<\/li>\n<li>N\u1ebfu hai bit \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 1 v\u00e0 bit th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0 0 th\u00ec \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 n\u00e0y thu\u1ed9c l\u1edbp C.<\/li>\n<li>N\u1ebfu ba bit \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 1 v\u00e0 bit th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 l\u00e0 0 th\u00ec \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 n\u00e0y thu\u1ed9c l\u1edbp D.<\/li>\n<li>N\u1ebfu b\u1ed1n bit \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 1 th\u00ec \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 n\u00e0y thu\u1ed9c l\u1edbp E.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>V\u00ec l\u1edbp D v\u00e0 E \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng cho c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, n\u00ean \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ec9 ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c l\u1edbp A, B, C v\u00ec nh\u1eefng l\u1edbp n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf cho c\u00e1c host tr\u00ean m\u1ea1ng.<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>L\u1edbp A<\/strong>:<\/em> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf cho nh\u1eefng m\u1ea1ng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn. Trong l\u1edbp A, octet \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 Network ID, v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n Host ID. B\u1edfi v\u00ec, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 8 bit \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh danh Network ID v\u00e0 bit \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean lu\u00f4n b\u1eb1ng 0 (nh\u01b0 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean) n\u00ean ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 126 m\u1ea1ng trong l\u1edbp A ch\u1ea1y t\u1eeb 1.x.y.z \u0111\u1ebfn 126.x.y.z (v\u1edbi x,y,z l\u00e0 c\u00e1c bit host). M\u1ed7i Network ID trong l\u1edbp A c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a 16 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 host.<\/p>\n<p>Tr\u00ean l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, l\u1edbp A n\u00e0y c\u00f3 t\u1edbi 128 m\u1ea1ng ch\u1ea1y t\u1eeb 0.0.0.0 \u0111\u1ebfn 127.0.0.0, nh\u01b0ng do c\u00f3 hai l\u1edbp \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 0.0.0.0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ng, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 n\u00e0y trong vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh default route, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ng trong m\u1ea1ng LAN. V\u00e0 l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 127.0.0.0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng c\u1ea5p ph\u00e1t cho d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 loopback, tr\u00ean Windows ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 127.0.0.1.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\" src=\"https:\/\/jqihta-sn3302.files.1drv.com\/y2pXDF8YMvD8yjVi0h9rHRAkFnhlP347J9AbErm8Q75CGRm-JlQT21ddAX84YX2NmCvE42bC_MX3pL4aIdxoJ6R1p9Xd4gFHV-e0mvY0_XaPUOkbdU-7N-Nd1vSfqCu5geHagy-ntnqemfd882S9dk6tMWNN22t7b9TpykfeeK6yB0\/IPv4%20phan%201%20%283%29.png?psid=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"87\" \/><\/p>\n<p><em><strong>L\u1edbp B<\/strong>:<\/em> hai octet \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh danh Network ID v\u00e0 hai octet c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i\u00a0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng cho ph\u1ea7n Host ID. Tuy l\u00e0 d\u00f9ng 2 octet \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m Network ID, nh\u01b0ng do \u1edf octet th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t bit \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 1 v\u00e0 bit th\u1ee9 2 lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 0 (nh\u01b0 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean) n\u00ean \u1edf l\u1edbp n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 16384 m\u1ea1ng (thay v\u00ec 65536) ch\u1ea1y t\u1eeb 128.x.y.z \u0111\u1ebfn 191.x.y.z (v\u1edbi x l\u00e0 c\u00e1c bit c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Network ID v\u00e0 y,z l\u00e0 c\u00e1c bit ph\u1ea7n Host ID). Trong m\u1ed7i m\u1ea1ng (Network ID) c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp B c\u00f3 h\u01a1n 65000 host.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\" src=\"https:\/\/jqihta-sn3302.files.1drv.com\/y2pDKUTqMkakika7Vw8xiymJj4sH3fofp1e8ALKIwtc3dSVsJx5_-cdtzocjlh2cK0ZTSzW8ddrAuDa7dXF0s8nSbAPbN8ArMHgl6T7jvNJ8ZmP4WaeBNvLJqk7wWUq1esYoZqlSsLSUkk9JNBpPSJKyBxjf75pErYtgi9IyHMtuvo\/IPv4%20phan%201%20%284%29.png?psid=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"85\" \/><\/p>\n<p><em><strong>L\u1edbp C<\/strong>:<\/em> ba octet \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng cho ph\u1ea7n Network ID v\u00e0 octet th\u1ee9 4 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng cho ph\u1ea7n Host ID. V\u1edbi 8 bit cho ph\u1ea7n Host ID, m\u1ed7i m\u1ea1ng \u1edf l\u1edbp C ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 254 host. V\u1edbi 24 bit ph\u1ea7n Network ID, l\u1edbp C c\u00f3 h\u01a1n 2 tri\u1ec7u m\u1ea1ng. L\u1edbp C b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb 192.x.y.z \u0111\u1ebfn 223.x.y.z (v\u1edbi x,y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c bit c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n Network ID v\u00e0 z l\u00e0 c\u00e1c bit thu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea7n Host ID).<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\" src=\"https:\/\/jqihta-sn3302.files.1drv.com\/y2pIDjsvvBRxZ9jsPzDQz-Ugr6NhNzwKVS3_-qHDiq2SfPfo-MqV71QKFpTSKRy3Jhlsa91iIJiw0sYY-r2uLCUI4FL-0z4MeFZGQlOiV_ZjRrrA4i8WMZ1gnB7lELWe2qCXoZaJzoUAz9ZHQVyIYxivQ5eAi7srv7N9QJ_rWHEBP8\/IPv4%20phan%201%20%285%29.png?psid=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"77\" \/><\/p>\n<p>T\u00f3m t\u1eaft b\u1eb1ng b\u1ea3ng sau:<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\" src=\"https:\/\/jqihta-sn3302.files.1drv.com\/y2p2-Ys85GG22NzHuOEVBDyHPK7UoOcpMZs37aQQZm0KmQb7dSqWR80-V6Q02fkWLMI3SzYmRcB9MVSsjdWxd5mQ2pXYMmKZ2pErQDF8nwDmUnMyNwJk1cI6NbSHgBPG3erTDrfVqz6-IIJ2_OvLig_768xDZxqdV1xfDJz94_E_-w\/IPv4%20phan%201%20%286%29.png?psid=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"92\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>IP public v\u00e0 IP private:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Theo thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ban \u0111\u1ea7u, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c host tr\u00ean internet \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i end-to-end, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t host c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 li\u00ean l\u1ea1c tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 host n\u00e0o v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u00a0\u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 IP g\u00e1n cho m\u00e1y t\u00ednh ho\u1eb7c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 duy nh\u1ea5t. Tuy nhi\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho r\u1eb1ng l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft trong khi c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ng ri\u00eang (LAN hay internal network) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh\u00a0 v\u00e0 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 IP public c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n. V\u00ec v\u1eady, \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 IP \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh 2 kh\u00f4ng gian l\u00e0 IP Public v\u00e0 IP private (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 ta trong RFC 1918), c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 IP Private \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5p ph\u00e9p d\u00f9ng cho c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ng n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 (LAN hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 internal network) \u1edf c\u00e1c l\u1edbp nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\" src=\"https:\/\/jqihta-sn3302.files.1drv.com\/y2pQSN8o9kQDMy9zXq8NbWtCR8yCDoN-IjysI7hjyqfS0WK08Z5y3qDLMmtV8xihpfbNCIIN4ztQmJ6U9AzlyCWf3fhGgCLqv1imWcrL2Imab65aq6wxeT0qB7RRLGMx_r0e7nJU7sYDnLZjphywSUADBkQSOHXZoQ0QH1rbegBOVk\/IPv4%20phan%201%20%287%29.png?psid=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"167\" \/><\/p>\n<p>C\u00e1c d\u00e3y \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 IP Public ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f3 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) c\u1ea5p ph\u00e1t cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 Internet.<\/p>\n<p>C\u00e1c d\u00e3y IP private n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ea1ng n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c nhau. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: c\u00f4ng ty A d\u00f9ng d\u00e3y 192.168.1.0 g\u00e1n cho c\u00e1c host trong m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u00f4ng ty B hay c\u00f4ng ty C c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng d\u00e3y \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 g\u00e1n.<\/p>\n<p>C\u00e1c m\u00e1y trong m\u1ea1ng LAN mu\u1ed1n truy c\u1eadp internet ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t dich v\u1ee5 l\u00e0 network address translation (NAT). D\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p tr\u00ean c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh tuy\u1ebft ho\u1eb7c t\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1eeda, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c host trong m\u1ea1ng LAN s\u1ebd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng chung IP \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ebfn thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh tuy\u1ebft k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 cho ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 IP public.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0110\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 APIPA &#8211; Automatic Private IP Addressing (hay <span class=\"fontstyle0\">Link-Local addresses<\/span><br \/>\n):<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 d\u00e3y \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng cho tr\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh Windows, khi c\u00e1c client \u1edf ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1eadn IP \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb DHCP server, nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec m\u1ed9t l\u00fd do n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 DHCP kh\u00f4ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng (ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i DHCP server tr\u00ean h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1ea1ng) th\u00ec c\u00e1c m\u00e1y client ch\u1ea1y Windows s\u1ebd t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1eb7t \u00a0c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 IP thu\u1ed9c d\u00e3y \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 n\u00e0y.\u00a0D\u00e3y \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 n\u00e0y thu\u1ed9c l\u1edbp B: 169.254.X.Y v\u1edbi X v\u00e0 Y ch\u1ea1y t\u1ef1 0 \u0111\u1ebfn 255. D\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 APIPA s\u1ebd li\u00ean t\u1ee5c ki\u1ec3m tra xem trong m\u1ea1ng c\u00f3 DHCP server t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i hay kh\u00f4ng, n\u1ebfu ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 DHCP server \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00f3 s\u1ebd t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u1eebng \u0111\u1ec3 cho ph\u00e9p client nh\u1eadn IP t\u1eeb DHCP server.<\/p>\n<p>Ch\u00ednh nh\u1edd \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 n\u00e0y m\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u00e1y trong m\u1ea1ng LAN m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp IP t\u0129nh v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn IP t\u1eeb DHCP \u00a0th\u00ec ch\u00fang v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 li\u00ean l\u1ea1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi nhau.<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>\u0110\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 IPv4 thu\u1ed9c l\u1edbp m\u1ea1ng n\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ebfn <a href=\"https:\/\/www.engisv.info\/?p=1223\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m\u00a0Subnet Mask<\/a>. \u0110\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.engisv.info\/?p=1392\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">chia m\u1ea1ng con<\/a>.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0110\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 IP l\u00e0 con s\u1ed1 duy nh\u1ea5t d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh danh c\u00e1c host tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng IP. \u0110\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 IP ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea7ng Internet c\u1ee7a ch\u1ed3ng giao th\u1ee9c TCP\/IP, trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh tham chi\u1ebfu OSI l\u00e0 t\u1ea7ng Network,\u00a0 n\u00f3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi l\u1edbp b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi Data-link s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 MAC, nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 MAC trong m\u1ea1ng Ethernet. \u0110\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 IPv4 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng d\u00e3y s\u1ed1 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i 32 bit nh\u1ecb ph\u00e2n, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ta c\u00f3 232, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi 4 t\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecba&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":351,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[7,9],"tags":[44],"class_list":["post-350","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-kien-thuc","category-mang-co-ban","tag-ip-address"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>\u0110\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 IPv4 \u2013 Ph\u1ea7n 1: \u0110\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 IP<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"gi\u01a1i thi\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 IP IP address IP public v\u00e0 IP private C\u00e1ch bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 IPv4 \u0110\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 APIPA - Automatic Private IP Addressing\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.engisv.info\/?p=350\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u0110\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 IPv4 \u2013 Ph\u1ea7n 1: \u0110\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 IP\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"gi\u01a1i thi\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 IP IP address IP public v\u00e0 IP private C\u00e1ch bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 IPv4 \u0110\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 APIPA - 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